Why bitcoin is very different from all other altcoin "cryptocurrencies" - Part 3 - Bitcoin vs CBDCs - a detailed side by side comparison

Part 1 of this 3 part series introduced the high level of cyber crime taking place in the world of altocoin "cryptocurrencies". Part 2 of this 3 part series comparied Bitcoin and all other altcoin "crytocurrencies" to emphasize how bitcoin is indeed truly unique. While CBDCs are still in their infancy, this post compares in detail, the similarities and differences between Bitcoin and CBDCs:

Criterion	Bitcoin	CBDCs
Architecture/Issuer	Bitcoin has no central issuer. A peer-to-peer blockchain based network regulates bitcoins, transactions and issuance according to consensus in the network.	Reserve currency CBDCs such as the digital dollar or digital euro, non-reserve currency CBDCs such as the digital Singapore Dollar as well CBDCs of restricted currencies such as the digital Yuan have a two-tier architecture, where the central bank (Federal Reserve, ECB, MAS or PBOC) issues digital CBDC tokens to commercial banks (tier 1). Commercial banks maintain the digital wallets for user authentication, transaction authentication, user interface and define the smart contract languages to support the innovation and customization (tier 2)
Regulatory classification	Bitcoin is not a security according to the SEC as it was started by an unknown person or persons going by the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto and does not exist as a way to raise money for a specific project for profit thereby failing the Howey test. SEC chairman Gary Gensler classifies bitcoin as a commodity to be regulated by the CFTC.	CBDCs are by their very nature a security and considered equivalent to cash as an asset class.
Purpose/ Use Cases	Originally intended as an electronic peer-to-peer payment system that is based on cryptographic proof, instead of trust that would operate free of central control. Now used more as store of value or digital gold.	Intended as an electronic peer-to-peer payment system substituting person to person or person to business cash payments.
Regulatory oversight and Compliance	Bitcoin’s decentralized Blockchain architecture is specifically designed not to be controlled by a state, a central bank or any other central authority for regulatory oversight and compliance.	The two-tier CBDC architecture aligns closely with existing banking system customer service delivery models, compliance mechanisms for anti-money-laundering, countering the funding of terrorism (AML/CFT) laws. CBDCs avoid disruptive disintermediation through enforcement of regulatory and compliance rules ensuring financial stability.
Account Management and Identity Checking	Bitcoin miners delegate this task implicitly to Bitcoin exchanges which maintain a traditional account and business relationship with each individual customer to address the gap between cryptographic keys in Bitcoin and human identity-checking tasks required to ensure compliance.	In CBDCs, Central banks delegate the task of account management and identity checking to commercial banks.
System Operators/Miners	In the Bitcoin architecture, system operators (miners) receive rewards to incentivize them to follow the Bitcoin protocol.	In the CBDC architecture, Central banks do not choose the system operators (miners) in the open system but determine the inflation rate.
Cross Border Payments	Cross-border payments with Bitcoin do not require currency conversions, as it takes place outside the Bitcoin system where counterparties convert from/into domestic currencies. The absence of intermediaries brings cost benefits and efficiency with no risks from operational or financial failures of intermediaries.	For Cross-border payments with CBDCs of reserve currencies such as the digital dollar or digital euro, participants from partnering jurisdictions are allowed access to the digital dollar or the digital euro which becomes available to counterparties inside and outside of that jurisdiction enabling cross-border payments.For Cross-border payments with CBDCs of non-reserve currencies, access and settlement arrangements aiming to facilitate cross-border interoperability are established among multiple CBDCs from different jurisdictions (mCBDC), built on strong technological, market structure and legal frameworks between central banks
Smart Contract capabilities	A Turing-incomplete script language allows the creation of custom smart contracts on top of Bitcoin like multisignature accounts, payment channels, escrows, timelocks, atomic cross-chain trading, oracles, or multiparty lottery with no operator	It is not necessary for a CBDC to provide smart contracts in order to fulfill its primary role as a digital currency, and some CBDCs such as the digital yuan are unlikely to do so.

Central Bank Digital Currencies - the Digital Euro and the Digital Dollar

In July 2022, the European Central Bank published a blog on the "key objectives of the digital euro". The blog co-authored by none other than Christine Lagarde, President of the ECB argued that a digital payment ecosystem such as the digital Euro without a strong monetary anchor would create confusion leading to financial instability as "it is crucial that we all still have easy access to central bank money, which is the foundation of our currency". In January 2022, the Federal Reserve came out with a highly anticipated paper on a digital dollar, taking a step in a process that could lead to Congressional action. This was followed in March 2022 by an Executive Order from the Biden administration placing the “highest urgency” on exploring a US CBDC and asks for an interagency report on all aspects of the future of money in the next 180 days. The Executive Order also advances US participation in cross-border experimentation of wholesale CBDCs. The ECB is analyzing how financial intermediaries could provide front-end services that build on a digital euro. The analysis expected to completed by October 2023 followed by the development of integrated services as well as carry out testing and possible live experimentation of a digital euro in a phase that could take around three years. Extrapolating this timeline guidance from the ECB, it would be safe to assume that a digital Euro will not be available before 2028 at the very earliest. The ECB is likely to drive large scale adoption of the digital euro once adopted and likely to increase the proposed amount of digital euros in circulation to 1.5 trillion euros to control the negative effects on financial stability.

The Fed also sees commercial banks and nonbank financial companies acting as intermediaries. Banks would issue and manage the digital wallets that people would use for payments and deposits. The US is the furthest behind when it comes to developing CBDCs among the G7 economies, according to the Atlantic Council.

Central bank digital currencies like the digital dollar and the digital euro are expected to be used for payment settlement. CBDCs pose tough competition to cryptocurrencies used for cross-border payment settlements such as Ripple (XRP) and to a limited extent Bitcoin (BTC). The underlying technology for both the digital dollar and the digital euro is based on concepts in cryptography and distributed or decentralized solutions such as DLT.

Thanks to proposed ECB negative deposit rates Euro may go through a massive drop - what should expats do?

Austerity obsessed ECB lowered its main interest rate this week from 0.75% to 0.5% but along with this cut caused a stir about whether the bank might also cut the deposit rate, taking it into negative territory (which would mean banks having to pay for leaving money in the facility and would ostensibly push banks to lend more rather than hoard cash). ECB dropped hints on the negative deposit rates to express their frustration with banks that are hoarding cash and not lending. Clearly at the ECB, the money printing carrot does not seem to be enough to revive the moribund European economy so now this stick has been added to the equation. The unintended consequence of these negative deposit rates would be to put enormous downward pressure on the Euro jeopardizing the value of Euro denominated assets. Expats should look at reducing this risk by diversifying their portfolio through exposure to US dollar denominated assets. The most suitable vehicle for this type of optimal diversification would be an offshore bond.